Planetary Boundaries: COP16 Outlines Critical Steps in Keeping Land Safe

The Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD COP16) has launched a major new scientific report a day ahead the opening of the 16th meeting of COP.

The report which charts an urgent course correction for how the world grows food and uses land in order to avoid irretrievably compromising Earth’s capacity to support human and environmental wellbeing was produced under the leadership of Professor Johan Rockström at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) in collaboration with UNCCD.

Launched as nearly 200 countries convene for COP16 starting on Monday, 2 December in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, the report is titled “Stepping back from the precipice: Transforming land management to stay within planetary boundaries”.

The report draws on roughly 350 information sources to examine land degradation and opportunities to act from a planetary boundaries perspective.

It states that land is the foundation of Earth’s stability and regulates climate, preserves biodiversity, maintains freshwater systems and provides life-giving resources including food, water and raw materials.

The report also outlines how deforestation, urbanisation and unsustainable farming are causing global land degradation at an unprecedented scale, threatening not only different Earth system components but human survival itself.

The report also states that deterioration of forests and soils undermines Earth’s capacity to cope with the climate which in turn accelerate land degradation in a vicious, downward cycle of impacts.

“If we fail to acknowledge the pivotal role of land and take appropriate action, the consequences will ripple through every aspect of life and extend well into the future, intensifying difficulties for future generations,” said UNCCD Executive Secretary Ibrahim Thiaw.

According to the UNCCD, the global area impacted by land degradation – approx. 15 million km², more than the entire continent of Antarctica or nearly the size of Russia – is expanding each year by about a million square km.

 

Planetary boundaries

The report situates both problems and potential solutions related to land use within the scientific framework of the planetary boundaries, which has rapidly gained policy relevance since its unveiling 15 years ago.

According to the lead author of the seminal study introducing the concept in 2009, Johan Rockström, “The aim of the planetary boundaries framework is to provide a measure for achieving human wellbeing within Earth’s ecological limits,”.

He further stated that “We stand at a precipice and must decide whether to step back and take transformative action, or continue on a path of irreversible environmental change”.

The planetary boundaries define nine critical thresholds essential for maintaining Earth’s stability.

The report which talks about how humanity uses or abuses land directly impacts seven of these, including climate change, species loss and ecosystem viability, freshwater systems and the circulation of naturally occurring elements nitrogen and phosphorus. Change in land use is also a planetary boundary.

Already six boundaries have been breached to date, and two more are close to their thresholds and these are ocean acidification and the concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere. Only stratospheric ozone – the object of a 1989 treaty to reduce ozone-depleting chemicals – is firmly within its “safe operating space”.

Unsustainable agricultural practices

Conventional agriculture is the leading culprit of land degradation according to the report, contributing to deforestation, soil erosion and pollution.

Unsustainable irrigation practices deplete freshwater resources, while excessive use of nitrogen- and phosphorus-based fertilizers destabilize ecosystems.

Degraded soils lower crop yields and nutritional quality, directly impacting the livelihoods of vulnerable populations. Secondary effects include greater dependency on chemical inputs and increased land conversion for farming.

 

Climate change

Meanwhile, climate change – which has long since breached its own planetary boundary – accelerates land degradation through extreme weather events, prolonged droughts, and intensified floods.

Melting mountain glaciers and altered water cycles heighten vulnerabilities, especially in arid regions.

Rapid urbanization intensifies these challenges, contributing to habitat destruction, pollution, and biodiversity loss.

The report also states that land ecosystems absorbed nearly one third of human-caused CO₂ pollution, even as those emissions increased by half. Over the last decade, however, deforestation and climate change have reduced by 20% the capacity of trees and soil to absorb excess CO₂.

 

Transformative action

According to the report, transformative action to combat land degradation is needed to ensure a return to the safe operating space for the land-based planetary boundaries.

Just as the planetary boundaries are interconnected, so must be the actions to prevent or slow their transgression.

The report states that the principles of fairness and justice are key when designing and implementing transformative actions to stop land degradation which ensures that benefits and burdens are equitably distributed.

Agriculture reform, soil protection, water resource management, digital solutions, sustainable or “green” supply chains, equitable land governance along with the protection and restoration of forests, grasslands, savannas and peatlands are crucial for halting and reversing land and soil degradation.

From 2013 to 2018, more than half-a-trillion dollars were spent on agricultural subsidies across 88 countries, a report by FAO, UNDP and UNEP found in 2021. Nearly 90% went to inefficient, unfair practices that harmed the environment, according to that report.

 

New technologies

The report also recognizes that new technologies coupled with big data and artificial intelligence have made possible innovations such as precision farming, remote sensing and drones that detect and combat land degradation in real time.

Benefits likewise accrue from the precise application of water, nutrients and pesticides, along with early pest and disease detection. It mentions the free app Plantix, available in 18 languages, that can detect nearly 700 pests and diseases on more than 80 different crops.

Improved solar cookstoves can provide households with additional income sources and improve livelihoods, while reducing reliance on forest resources.

Numerous multilateral agreements on land-system change exist but have largely failed to deliver.

The Glasgow Declaration to halt deforestation and land degradation by 2030 was signed by 145 countries at the Glasgow climate summit in 2021, but deforestation has increased since then.

 

Some key findings include:

• Land degradation is undermining Earth’s capacity to sustain humanity.
• Failure to reverse it will pose challenges for generations.
• Seven of nine planetary boundaries are negatively impacted by unsustainable land use, highlighting land’s central role in Earth systems.
• Agriculture accounts for 23% of greenhouse gas emissions, 80% of deforestation, 70% of freshwater use.
• Forest loss and impoverished soils drive hunger, migration and conflicts.
• Transformation of land use critical for humanity to thrive within environmental limits.

 

The 16th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 16) of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) will take place in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from 2 to 13 Dec. 2024 with the theme: “Our Land, Our Future” www.unccd.int/cop16

The COP is the main decision-making body of UNCCD’s 197 Parties – 196 countries and the European Union.

UNCCD, the global voice for land, is one of three major UN treaties known as the Rio Conventions, alongside climate and biodiversity, which recently concluded their COP meetings in Baku, Azerbaijan and Cali, Colombia respectively.

Coinciding with the 30th anniversary of UNCCD, COP 16 will be the largest UN land conference to date, and the first UNCCD COP held in the Middle East and North Africa region, which knows first-hand the impacts of desertification, land degradation and drought.

COP 16 marks a renewed global commitment to accelerate investment and action to restore land and boost drought resilience for the benefit of people and planet.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oyenike Oyeniyi/PR