Former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev dies at 91
Former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, who brought the Cold War to a peaceful end, has died aged 91.
Mr. Gorbachev, who took power in 1985, opened up the then-USSR to the world and introduced a set of reforms at home.
But he was unable to prevent the slow collapse of the Soviet Union, from which modern Russia emerged.
Mr. Gorbachev became general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party, and de facto leader of the country, in 1985.
At the time, he was 54 – the youngest member of the ruling council known as the Politburo and was seen as a breath of fresh air after several aging leaders.
His predecessor, Konstantin Cherenkov, had died aged 73 after just over a year in office.
Few leaders have had such a profound effect on the global order, but Mr. Gorbachev did not come to power seeking to end the Soviet grip over eastern Europe. Rather, he hoped to revitalize its society.
The Soviet economy had been struggling for years to keep up with the US and his policy of Perestroika sought to introduce some market-like reforms to the state-run system.
Internationally he reached arms control deals with the US, refused to intervene when eastern European nations rose up against their Communist rulers, and ended the bloody Soviet war in Afghanistan that had raged since 1979.
Glasnost
Meanwhile, his policy of glasnost, or openness, allowed people to criticize the government in a way that had been previously unthinkable.
But it also unleashed nationalist sentiments in many regions of the country which eventually undermined the stability of the country and led to its collapse.
In 1991, after a shambolically organized coup by communist hardliners failed, Mr. Gorbachev agreed to dissolve the Soviet Union and left office.
Architect of reform
Mr. Gorbachev is seen in the West as an architect of reform who created the conditions for the end of the Cold War in 1991 – a time of deep tensions between the Soviet Union and Western nations, including the US and Britain.
He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 “for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations”.
But in the new Russia that emerged after 1991, he has been on the fringes of politics, focusing on educational and humanitarian projects.
Tributes
Tributes have been paid worldwide, with UN chief Antonio Guterres saying he “changed the course of history”.
“Mikhail Gorbachev was a one-of-a-kind statesman.
“The world has lost a towering global leader, committed multilateralist, and tireless advocate for peace.” UN Secretary-General Mr. Guterres wrote in a Twitter tribute.
Russian President Vladimir Putin has expressed his deepest condolences following Mr. Gorbachev’s death, his spokesman Dmitry Peskov told the Russian news agency Interfax.
US President Joe Biden called him a “rare leader” and praised Mr. Gorbachev as a unique politician who had the “imagination to see that a different future was possible” amid the tensions of the Cold War.
European Union President Ursula von der Leyen praised him as a “trusted and respected leader” who “opened the way for a free Europe”.
“This legacy is one we will not forget,” she added.
UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson said he admired Mr. Gorbachev’s courage and integrity, adding: “In a time of Putin’s aggression in Ukraine, his tireless commitment to opening up Soviet society remains an example to us all.”
Mr. Gorbachev made one ill-fated attempt to return to political life in 1996, receiving just 0.5% of the vote in presidential elections.
His divisive legacy is reflected in the tributes that followed his death.
Henry Kissinger, who served as US Secretary of State under President Richard Nixon, said Mr. Gorbachev will be “remembered in history as a man who started historic transformations that were to the benefit of mankind and to the Russian people”.
James Baker, who negotiated the reunification of Germany with Mr. Gorbachev’s government, told the New York Times that “history will remember Mikhail Gorbachev as a giant who steered his great nation towards democracy”.
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But many Russians never forgave him for the turmoil that followed the collapse of the USSR.
Vladimir Rogov, a Russian-appointed official in occupied Ukraine, said Mr. Gorbachev had “deliberately led the (Soviet) Union to its demise” and called him a traitor.
Declining health
The hospital in Moscow where Mr. Gorbachev died said he had been suffering from a long and serious illness.
In recent years his health has been in decline and he had been in and out of the hospital.
In June, international media reported that he had been admitted after suffering from a kidney ailment, though his cause of death has not been announced.
Reports say he will be buried in Moscow’s Novodevichy cemetery, the resting place of many prominent Russians, next to his wife Raisa who died of leukemia in 1999.
Zainab Sa’id
